Our findings reveal the relationship between the immunosuppressive microenvironment and the CTLA-4/CD86 pathway after nCRT. ![]() Improved overall survival in patients with lower CD86 expression could only be observed in patients with low rather than high t/sCD8 + cell densities. We found that CD86 expression was significantly lower in the nCRT-treated group rather than CTLA-4. However, the value of CTLA-4 and CD86 after nCRT has not been fully studied. Different studies have provided valuable information for understanding the expression and clinical significance of PD-1 and PD-L1 during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). ![]() Clinical studies have explored the introduction of ICIs into treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer patients with MSS however, the outcomes are still limited. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made an indelible mark on metastatic colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) instead of microsatellite stability (MSS) tumors.
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